The Galactic Rotation Problem & How Dark Matter Fudged
© Miles Mathis Abstract: It will be shown how Miles Mathis' Unified Field Equation fills in the holes in Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND). Milgrom Mordechai theory of MOND was a hint in the right direction, despite being
only an added function. Then MM will show the gigantic fudge in the math of
the dark matter hypothesis. Adding mass cannot solve galactic
rotation, except by magically redefining Newton's variables. Then
he will show the unified field equation for velocity that solves the
entire problem, in one line of math. Finally, he will why "normal"
matter is only 5% of the total, deriving the 19 to 1 ratio by
simple math, directly from current equations. In MM's paper on his site The Allais Effect, there is a discussion of several modified Newtonian fields of the
past, including those of Quirino Majorana and others. Once we are
familiar with these older (and failed) modified Newtonian fields,
we can see the newest modified field in the same light. This Modified Newtonian Dynamics was proposed
by Mordehai Milgrom in 1981 as an alternative to the dark matter and galaxy rotation curve problems. Milgrom suggests that Newton's Second Law be modified for very small accelerations. While this MOND solution is preferable
to the theory of dark matter, and while it does move slowly in
the right direction, it is woefully incomplete (as MM supects even
Milgrom would admit). Lee Smolin has put it this way: "MOND
is a tantalizing mystery, but not one that can be solved now." He
means by that that MOND seems to point to some new field, but
that it is not a field we know about. Smolin is both right and
wrong. MOND is tantalizing, in that it implies a new field; but
the mystery has already been solved: the “new field”
is simply the charge field. MOND is pointing directly at MM's
unified field! The problem is that Milgrom's new function
μ is physically and mechanically unassigned. It is basically
just a fudge factor or a hole filler, a piece of raw math with no
theoretical or field underpinning. In other words, we are never
told what causes it. The form of Milgrom's math is also a
clear problem, since, like Majorana and the others before him, he
adds the field outside of Newton's equation. In MOND, the
rotational velocity is found by this equation v = 4√GMa0
As you see, his constant is separate from G and M, but
MM has shown that Newton's equation is correct, as written. This
is why MM does not call his unified field a modification of Newton since
he has not modified Newton's equation, but pulled it apart and
interpreted it more fully. You see, the trick is that the
necessary variations are already contained within G and M, so we
do not need any new functions or constants. We just have to
understand what G and M really stand for, and how they work
mechanically. This is why the solution has been so
difficult to see. It was hidden in the constants and variables we
already had. The background is contained in the papers:
Newton's law is a Unified Field of Gravity and E/M
and G is the Key to the Secret of Gravity.
The Universal Gravitational Constant G is the key, since it is
not a naked constant, but a scaling constant between two fields.
Newton's equation, as written, already contains the charge field,
and G scales between charge and gravity. All we have to do is
write each mass in the equation as a density and a volume, giving
the volume to the gravity field and the density to the charge
field. G then scales between them, taking the atomic size down to
the photon size. This is necessary because gravity is
relationship between atoms, or things made of atoms, while charge
is relationship between photons and atoms. For charge to work,
photons have to collide with atoms or ions, and this requires a
scaling between the two particle sizes. Once Newton's equation is interpreted in
this way, we find subtle changes in the field. MM has already
uncovered many of these changes shown in this paper on his site An Update on Weight in which MM falsifies F=GMm/R2 as follows:
In this paper that in the two-mile problem, the change becomes quite large and obvious. The
velocity divergence in outer arms of galaxies is very large, and
is not what anyone would call subtle. This is why MM found this
problem so interesting, and why he was immediately attracted to it. It was solved immediately not by tweaking the equation, but by
recognizing the variation in the field. Put simply, the charge
field variation from center of galaxy to outer reaches is very
large. Since all matter emits charge, there will be much more
charge near the center of the galaxy. The mainstream has
missed this obvious field variation for many reasons. One, they
give charge to the messenger photon, which is a virtual photon.
Since virtual photons do not take up any space in the field, they
could not provide any drag. Two, even if they began giving the
charge field to real photons, their real photons also do not take
up any space in the field. Since they are point particles in the
math, they cannot take up space or provide drag in the field.
Three, all mainstream theories have ignored the charge field
completely. They have tried to solve this problem with gravity
alone, or gravity plus relativity, or gravity plus unassigned
functions. They have not seen that Newton's equation must include
the charge field. Nor have they seen that if Newton's equation
includes the charge field, it must cause both subtle and unsubtle
variations in the field mechanics. It would seem that
solution requires more than just a re-interpretation of Newton's
equation, but also a re-interpretation of the photon.
Newton's equation has nothing to say about the
photon, but it may be worth pointing out that
Newton did not think the photon to be virtual or to be a point.
He agreed with me since he agreed with Descartes on this
question: anything that exists has extension. The photon exists,
therefore it must have a radius. If it has a radius, it takes up
space. If it takes up space, it must provide drag. The
mainstream should know this, since they admit that the photon has
momentum and energy. A thing with energy and momentum could
hardly be “invisible” in the field. It could not act
as a ghost, regarding drag. A photon could not be capable of
knocking electrons out of atoms, but incapable of taking up space
in the field. A mathematical point cannot knock an electron out
of an atom. This is because scattering could be thought of as a
kind of drag. Both would be caused by real collisions. You cannot
propose that the same particle can cause scattering, but cannot
cause drag. The reason Milgrom's MOND was so tantalizing
is that he had the right variation, in a way, and also the right
explanation of it. He said that his function did not cause
measurable variation in the solar system because gravity is so
strong here, near the Sun. That is not precisely correct, but it
is a good hint. It is not because gravity is so strong here, it
is because the Sun is the only major body acting as the central
mass, making the velocity follow the inverse of the radius (see
below). This is why the solar system seems to follow
gravity alone, while the galaxy seems to follow charge. The
unified field relates gravity to charge, and this makes Milgrom
nearly correct. The density variation in the solar system acts to
diminish the charge field variations due to the sphere, causing
the bodies to follow classical equations pretty closely. This is
just one more reason charge has been invisible to us. This
is also why globular clusters show much less charge variation,
and therefore much more velocity variance, than galaxies. It is
simply a matter of density distribution. Globular clusters are
known to have much higher star densities than galaxies, and, as
with the solar system, this density tends to flatten out the
charge variation. Less charge variation means greater velocity
variation, as we will see in the equations below.
Let us look at the dark matter hypothesis first for a moment.
Initially, it was said that around 50% of the matter of a galaxy
must be in a galactic halo, completely outside the visible
galaxy. This number is now about 95%. Clearly, this big problem required
a big solution, and this tells us how large the velocity variance
from prediction really is. One would think that the theory has long
since gone past the point of absurdity, just based on that
percentage, but it deserves a look.
If you
visit a place like Wikipedia, you find dark matter proposed as
the solution to velocity variance, but you get no math or theory.
How does dark matter in the halo, even at 95%, cause a flat
velocity? If the answer were clear, you would think Wikipedia
would take the time to gloss it. It should not take long, should
it? This is a big clue. Wiki usually likes to cloak the theories
with math, but here we get nothing. That must mean the math is
really pathetic. You only have to do the baldest math to
see that extra mass out there cannot solve the problem. Remember,
the mainstream math does not have my charge field, so they are not
using charge to flatten the field as MM will. They are adding mass
but not charge. If you simply add mass to a halo, you cannot
increase an orbital velocity. This is because orbital velocity
has nothing to do with mass. It has to do only with distance from
center, such as
a = v2/r.
No mass variable there. The dark matter hypothesis is
not any type of MOND, so it is not claiming to modify Newton at
all. Well, according to Newton's equations, the orbital velocity
is determined by distance and nothing else. Jupiter's orbital
velocity is not determined by its mass, and if we took the Earth
out to the distance of Jupiter, it should have the same orbital
velocity as Jupiter. The dark matter hypothesis needs to
tell us more than “dark matter.” It needs to tell us
how dark matter can cause greater orbital velocities. Say there
is
a huge amount of dark matter in a halo around most galaxies. How
will this affect the velocity of shining matter that we can
measure? Well, it would tend to suck all the matter out of the
galaxy toward the halo, but it wouldn't affect the orbital
velocity of that matter at all (unless it decreased it—see
below). This is because, according to both Newton and Einstein,
gravity has no force at the tangent. A gravity field cannot apply
a tangential force, only a centripetal force. Therefore, a large
halo could only pull out on matter inside it. It could not pull
sideways. According to both Newton and Einstein, gravity can
neither cause nor increase a tangential
velocity. It has no mechanism to do so. According to the explicit
math of Newton, an orbital velocity is the compound of a
centripetal force of gravity and an innate motion of the
orbiter—this innate motion being the tangential or
straight-line velocity. Since gravity and the innate motion are
independent, gravity can never affect the innate motion.
Therefore gravity cannot cause the tangential velocity, much less
change it. It can only determine the radius, given the innate
velocity. The mainstream try to get around this by using
this equation v2
= MG/r Whereby, if you increase the mass you increase the
velocity. Unfortunately, that is gigantic fudge, since M is the
mass of the center, not the mass of some body in orbit. That
equation comes from solving these three equations F =
ma M is explicitly defined as the large central mass causing
the field, not the mass in orbit. In the case of a galaxy, it
would be the mass of the galactic core, not the mass of the
galaxy as a whole or of a body orbiting the galactic core.
Therefore, their math is completely upside down. They have
“solved” only by ignoring the explicit definitions of
the variables in the equations. At the Duke University website
linked below, the author states: That
proves MM's point, since that means we are talking about the
galactic core here. Since the core is not a discrete object in a
galaxy, all the mass inside the radius can be called the core. M
is the central mass, not the orbiting mass. This is crucial,
since the mass and the velocity both increase as r increases. An
increase in M does not just increase velocity in the outer
reaches, it increases velocity everywhere proportionally, like an
increase of a. To say this another way, the dark matter
people want to re-interpret Newton in a very unorthodox way. They
want to take my sentence, "the mass and the velocity both
increase as r increases" and interpret it to mean that if we
add more mass at radius r, we can increase the velocity at that
distance. So they do just that. They add more and more mass as
the radius increases, to force this mass to offset the normal
workings of Newton's equations. Unfortunately, that is not what
Newton's variable assignments and equations tell us. M in the
equation above does not stand for mass at that radius, it stands
for mass inside
that radius, as Duke University admits. This makes the velocity
at all radii greater, but does not make the velocity at all radii
equal. This means that the dark matter math is also a
type of modified Newtonian dynamics. It is modified in that it
takes the definitions and turns them upside down. We could call
it a falsified and fudged Newtonian dynamics. What
this equation of Newton v2
= MG/r is actually telling us is that if we increase the mass of
the galactic core, we can increase all the orbital velocities, at
all radii. But it is not telling us that we can flatten the field
in any way. And if we increase the mass of a halo, we have
thereby relatively decreased the mass of the core, which must
DECREASE all orbital velocities. Dark matter would make the
problem worse. Another major problem with the dark matter
solution here is that a halo with that amount of matter could not
remain undetectable in
our own galaxy.
We always hear of dark matter supposedly found here and there, as
WIMPs or whatnot, but of course the best place to look would be
in our own halo, would it not? If 95% of the mass of the galaxy
is in a halo, then it cannot be invisible to all detection, dark
or not. Remember, we are in an outer arm of our galaxy, and
therefore we would be quite near this halo. Unless we are looking
toward the core, we are looking through this halo whenever we aim
our telescopes into space. With a mass nearly equal to the entire
galaxy, this halo must have an appreciable density. Why does not
it affect our extra-galactic views? We cannot detect it even
indirectly, as it shifts or distorts or tamps down incoming data.
It does not really matter if it is baryonic or non-baryonic: if it
is real, it must have density, no matter what it is made of. It
cannot have mass and lack density, can it? A thing can have mass
and lack density only by changing the definition of mass or
density. That is what all the larking about with non-baryonic
matter is: the attempt to convince you, by some sort of
speechifying, that matter can have mass but no density. WIMPs and
axions and hidden sector particles are all "heavy"
particles with no density. They are heavy ghost particles, in
other words. If you can imagine heavy ghosts, good luck to you.
The fact is, "heavy" and "weakly interacting"
are mutually exclusive adjectives. A thing can interact weakly
only if it is small or diffuse, and if it is small or diffuse, it
cannot be heavy. Once more, this is just the sad attempt to
change the definitions of words. As the void is now a thing, and
as virtual particles now cause motions, we have heavy massive
particles that are both weakly interacting and undetectable. It
is so pathetic it truly defies belief. MM believes in some
dark matter. The earth is a bit of dark matter, of course. But
these theories of weakly interacting massive particles could not
be more silly. The fact that anyone takes them seriously is a
sign of the nadir. We do not need WIMPs, we need to understand
that photons have mass and radius. All these ridiculous problems
and theories are caused by refusing to let the photon be a real
particle. Remember that MM in his paper
Coulomb's equation is a Unified Field equation in disguise
shows that charge is equivalent to mass. The standard model has not figured that out.
They have forgotten to weigh all the charge in the
universe and to include it in their energy totals. They do not
even include the weight of the E/M spectrum in their totals,
telling us that photons have no rest mass. In other words, they
do not include the mass of visible photons, much less the mass of
invisible photons that we already know about, like infrared
photons and so on. The few models that do include normal photons
in the mass of the universe only include a small fraction of
them. For instance, in
Planck's Constant and the Fine Structure Constant MM has
shown that every electron is emitting a charge each
second that outweighs it by 35,000 times (see math below). All
that charge is unweighed by the standard model, and is not
included in their totals. That is why they need dark matter and
dark energy in the amount of 95%. Dark energy is mostly charge.
It is charge photons. This charge is also what is causing drag in
the inner parts of the galaxy, creating a flat velocity line.
With
this under out belts, we can return to the MOND equation for
velocity. v = 4√GMa0 The form of
Milgrom's equation also makes it impossible for him to solve this
problem. As you will see from my math, what we need is a
differential, but Milgrom's velocity equation is too simple. Both
G and a0 are constants, so that v can be a constant
only if M is. But M cannot be a constant, as we saw with the dark
matter math. M is the core, which in a galaxy is anything below
radius r. This means that as we increase r, we increase M. So M
is changing in Milgrom's equation. This means that v will also
change, and the velocity is not flat. On the other hand,
if Milgrom defines M as the mass of a constant core, he is guilty
of another cheat. He has rigged his equations so that the radius
cancels, which means we do not know the radius for the velocity he
is finding. He simply states that the equation is good for all
radii, but his derivation does not show that. To the contrary, his
equation requires a radius, and it is saved in the current
form (to a small degree) only because mass will vary as radius
does. If he redefines the mass as a constant, however, he has
just contradicted his own derivation.
So
let me now correct all this bad math and theory. As a first
question, we may ask how dense the matter field, and therefore
the charge field, would have to be in order to begin causing
photon drag. (The next three papers on on MM's site.) Well, we know that the charge field is dense enough
in the solar system to cause axial
tilts and variations from Bode's
law and perturbations and torques and magnetospheres
and so on, so the charge field here is already dense enough to
cause drag. All charge field phenomena could be called drags of
one sort or another, and if the charge field can cause
perturbations it can cause velocity variances. It is not lack of
a charge field in the solar system that causes the planets'
velocities to follow the inverse of the radius, it is something
else entirely, as will be shown below. Therefore, a matter density such
as we find in the vicinity of Neptune is more than enough to
create the required photon density. If it were not, then the axis
of Neptune could not be turned by the charge field. [Addendum,
June 2015. Many have said that
photons have no drag, but that is now known to be false. It was once
been predicted that photons have no drag, and that has
been taught for decades, but the mainstream is now being forced to admit that photons do
have drag —mainly to protect the gauge math. . See this
recent experiment reported at Phys.org confirming it.]
But again, how dense is the charge field? In Planck's Constant and the Fine Structure Constant MM has
shown that the electron is emitting about 35,000 times
its own mass every second as charge. This may been impossible, but it was taken right out of current
definitions: e
= 1.602 x 10-19C If the electron is given a charge of e,
that's 35,000 electrons masses per second. And it comes out to 19
protons per second. In Unifying the Photon with other Quanta, MM shows that the charge photon has an average mass of around 2.77 x 10-37kg, then that is around 1.15 x 1011
photons per second. 11.5 billion photons per second, by each
charged baryon. This is an average density of .03 kg/m3/s
inside the Bohr radius. We will make good use of that density in other papers (See Addendum). So why do we not measure the charge field
when we weigh things? This is because the charge field is completely
uncontained and cannot be weighed. It is travelling c in all
directions, and has no rest mass. Despite that, its mass must be
included in all totals. If standard model totals are correct, and
95% of the total mass is unaccounted for, then it would appear
that photons outweigh everything else by about 19 to 1. After
doing the math above, that is not hard to believe at all. In
fact, the math just above generates the number 19. That is why
the mainstream is getting a figure of 95% (19
to 1). Current physicists have the right number but the wrong
explanation. It is the charge field that outweighs baryonic
matter by 19 to 1, not dark matter. Some have dismissed the 19 to 1 ratio
in these equations as a coincidence, since
they include a time variable; but it is no coincidence.
MM's exposition of these equations shows exactly how mass is
already time dependent. Since
mass is actually a motion, mass must also be time dependent.
Motion is always time "dependent," since time is in the
denominator. This would mean that nothing is really time
independent. Another way to say that is that the current 19 to 1
ratio of "dark matter/energy" to baryonic mass already
includes a time variable, without anyone being aware of it. Since
the time variable always used is the second, my new equations
match the numbers of mainstream equations. The only difference is
that MM's equations include the second explicitly, and theirs
include it implicitly. Since the charge field is an emission
field, it has to include time. Not that time varies as we move
from past to future, but that emission is a thing that happens
over time. Emission is a process, not a static fact. That is why
my equations include the second. The mainstream equations do not
include the second, because they are equations of mass or charge,
and it is thought that mass and charge are static when they are
not. They may be STABLE, but they are not static. Mass and charge
are both motion, and all motion includes time, by definition.
This would imply that the mass of the
proton is not really measured in kilograms, but
kilograms per second. Mainstream has dropped the time in almost all equations
and this works in most circumstances, but
it comes up in
problems like this, when we see clearly that charge is an
emission, and an emission happens over time. Mass and charge are
dimensionally the same (and always have been, in mainstream
equations), if charge is time dependent, mass must be also. (See
Coulomb's equation is a Unified Field equation in disguise) where it is shown why charge is sometimes
expressed as mass and sometimes as mass per second.
All that
was an interesting diversion, but we do not need to count up
photons or weigh them in order to solve this problem. We can take
some shortcuts, the biggest shortcut being G. We know that if the
charge field drag is ignored or if it is constant, a spherical
field can be simplified to v = √(ar). But let's rewrite
that to get a mass in it F = GmM0/r2 That mass is the central mass, or the mass inside the
radius r. If we let M0
be the mass of the entire galaxy and r equal the radius of the
entire galaxy, that equation gives us a velocity of about 390
km/s for stars at the edge our own galaxy, which is close to the
current value of 220 km/s. But this remaining difference
indicates appreciable charge field drag even at the outer edge of
the galaxy. It also indicates that the current numbers are wrong,
since we do not have enough mass in the outer reaches to make up
that much difference. But now we have to include the
charge field drag, to create a differential equation. In the
above equation, we have the charge field included in the scaler
G, so that the equation is already a unified field equation, but
we have not indicated a charge presence in the field as size, so
that the photons can create drag. As written, the equation only
indicates the energy of the charge field relative to the gravity
field, allowing the charge field to collide with matter and
create the E/M field. But the equation does not include the
separate but related ability of the charge field to create
resistance or drag. To do that, we have to create a separate term
in the equation, and subtract it from the first term. Like this:
v =
√[(GM0/r)
– (Gmr/r)]
This second mass is defined as the mass at radius r,
rather than the mass inside radius r. This solves the problem of
previous maths, which did not include both variables. This second
term represents the density of the charge field at a given radius
and allows us subtract it out as a sort of drag. Because the mass
at that radius is multiplied by G, it becomes the emitted charge
field instead of the matter field. In the first term, G scales
between two fields, both fields being represented in the term.
But in the second term, G is simply taking the matter field and
turning it into the charge field. In this way, the second term is
able to represent the drag of that field. Many would have tried
to solve by creating a drag equation, but this is a much simpler
method of solving, as you can see. Once we study the
equation, it becomes clear why it gives us different slopes for
the galaxy and for the solar system. This equation is actually
the correct one for all systems, but in the solar system we
approximate by ignoring the second term. If you insert some
numbers, you find that the reason it does not create a flat line
in the solar system is that the mass inside r is always about the
same. With only small variations, the mass inside r is just the
mass of the Sun. So M0
does not change with different values of r, and this makes v
change with r inversely, but in the galaxy, M0
changes greatly with different values of r. All the mass inside r
counts as the core, so it increases substantially as r increases.
And as the first term gets larger, the second does too, which
means the differential tends to remain nearly constant due to the
density distribution of spiral galaxies. Some will say
that this new equation cannot be right, since it gives us too
large a variance in the second term for planets in the solar
system. And if we apply the equation to the orbit of the Moon
about the Earth, the variance becomes even larger. Is this really
a general equation? Yes, it is since
these problems are easy to solve. First of all, the variance
isn't that great, due to the square root, even with the Moon. And
we also have other factors we are ignoring. Remember, in the
solar system and Moon system, we have a charge field inside
a greater charge field. In the case of the Moon, for instance,
the equation would be existing inside the much greater equation
of the Sun's field. The Sun's charge field is much greater than
that of the Earth, so it tends to tamp down the charge variations
between the Earth and Moon. This also applies to the solar
system, since the solar system is not only in its own charge
field, it is in the greater charge field of the galaxy.
Nonetheless, this new equation will help us fine tune all the
velocities in all orbits. It will also force us to recognize the
field presence of the photon, not only as charge but as
resistance. This is the correct equation, and always has been.
Historical and current equations are only attempts to derive this
full unified field equation. MM has done this in his paper
Newton's law is a Unified Field of Gravity and E/M and
in the Addendum to "Newton's law is a Unified Field of Gravity" to this paper how the relativistic unified field equation, as a
force and its velocity form from this paper can be derived one from another. Other critics will point out that we have done
experiments showing that photons coming to us from long distances
are not affected by any ether, field, or "foaminess" of
space. NASA recently published a
video showing just this, in a long anticipated experiment. (See NASA Propaganda for the Standard Model on MM's site.)
From this one might think this disproves MM's equation and theory. Here the
photon field is not affecting photons and the photon
field is not affecting matter, therefore MM proposes that photons have
drag on matter, not that they have drag on other photons. MM has
never proposed that the charge field affects the linear speed of
photons, or that it would affect small wavelengths more than
large wavelengths. He has shown that it would change wavelengths,
but not that it would change some more than others. Therefore,
the NASA experiment and other experiments have nothing to say
here. From all this, we see that the problem has been
that contemporary physicists do not understand Newton's gravity
field. They do not even comprehend the variable assignments, and
nothing is more basic. MM has shown that this applies to both
sides of this argument. It also applies to the non-symmetric
gravitational theory of John Moffat, since Moffat just tries to
hide behind tensors, and the conformal gravity of Philip
Mannheim, who hides behind Riemannian curves. We do not need
curved math or tensors to solve this. We just need to understand
the variables and constants in Newton's equation. We do not have to propose any modification to Newton or Einstein
to solve the galactic rotation problem. Nor do we need dark
matter. We simply have to recognize the charge field, which
already resides inside Newton's equation. Once we do this, the
problem evaporates. It has been said that the bullet
cluster killed MOND and proved dark matter, but MM has given a refutation of
the Clowe et. al. papers from 2004 and 2006 in his
paper on the MM's site
A Critique of the Current
Bullet Cluster Interpretation
In it, he shows that once again
bad math, poor logic, and unproved assumptions are standing in
for real physics. Postscript, September 2011: In Astrophysicists report first simulation to create a Milky Way-like galaxy
from University of California Santa Cruz and the
Institute for Theoretical Physics Zurich, where they are claiming
to have finally modelled a spiral galaxy. This was considered
impossible before now, since using the current gravitational
theory they could not get enough mass into the arms. They solved
it by using three supercomputers, including NASA's Pleiades
computer, on which alone they logged 1.4 million processor hours!
This was just part of over nine
months of
"number crunching". This is supposed to impress the
reader, but one needs to be reminded of a little thing called Occam's razor,
which they like to trot out whenever it suits them (and hide
whenever it suits them). Look above, where MM has solved the same
problem in one day, in my head. It does not require "number
crunching", as you see, or any number of supercomputers. It
requires a minor correction to the old faulty equations. Not a
push, but an actual correction. The difference between a push and
correction is that the push has no theory attached, only reams of
computer paper. MM's correction above includes all the mechanics,
as usual, since MM shows you the physical cause of each
mathematical step. They did not need a lot more fancy math or
computer time, they needed to recognize that the charge field
existed inside their gravity equations. As MM has shown, their
own equations—which go back centuries—were already
telling them this. Postscript 2, October, 2011: Those who
have proposed charge or electromagnetic solutions to cosmological
problems have been shouted down for almost a century, assured by
the mainstream that E/M plays no part in the math of celestial
mechanics. Unfortunately, data from their own colleagues has long
conflicted with this assurance, and it is conflicting louder and
more often with each passing year. In Measurement of the Electric Current in a Kpc-Scale Jet
researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory
have obtained “for the first time, a direct determination
of a galactic-scale electric current (~ 3 × 1018A) , and its direction? positive away from the AGN, saying that their analysis
strongly supports a model where the jet energy flow is mainly
electromagnetic.”
Please note that this paper is a simplification by me of a paper or papers written and copyrighted by Miles Mathis on his site. I have replaced "I" and "my" with "MM" to show that he is talking. All links within the papers, not yet simplified, are linked directly to the Miles Mathis site and will appear in another tab. (It will be clear which of these are Miles Mathis originals because they will be still contain "I" and "my".) The original papers on his site are the ultimate and correct source. All contributions to his papers and ordering of his books should be made on his site.
(This paper incorporates Miles Mathis' mond paper.)
[To sum up this strange discovery: 1) a denser object in a gravitational field weighs more, but 2) a denser central object, with an unchanging radius, will create a weaker total field, and therefore less weight in objects on or near it. If, all other things being the same, we increase the density of a lead cube sitting on the Earth , it will weigh more; but if we increase the density of the Earth, the lead cube will then weigh less. A change in one object is not equivalent mathematically or theoretically or mechanically to a change in another object. This means that Newton’s equation is incomplete once again, since he never discovered this subtlety. For Newton and the current model, an increase in density of either of the two masses should and must cause a greater force of attraction.]
F = GMm/r2
a
= v2/r
M = mass lying within
stellar orbit
Once
again the problem is with the mass variable M. Milgrom created
MOND to compete with the dark matter math, but he accepted their
definition of M. The fudge MM uncovered at Duke has been embedded
in the galactic rotation problem almost from the beginning.
Milgrom does not use a capital M here by accident. He just took
their math and varied it, using his new functions and constants,
as is clear from this equation. Therefore, he has inherited their
fudge. His mass is misdefined, so that his equation cannot prove
what he hopes to prove. Because his mass M is the mass of the
central body (galactic core, in this case), his equation is
flawed at the ground level. An increase in that mass will
increase the velocity, yes, but it will not flatten the graph. It
will increase all velocities proportionally. To do what he wants
it to do, the mass would have to be re-assigned, as with the dark
matter math. But you cannot do that without cheating. To do that
would not be a modification of Newton, it would be a complete
refutation of Newton and his variables.
1C = 2 x 10-7kg/s (see definition of Ampere to find this number in the
mainstream)
e
= 3.204 x 10-26kg/s
F
= ma
a = GM0/r2
v
= √(GM0/r)
Conclusion
Addendum